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Germanium Ore Plant
Germanium
Germanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ge and atomic number 32. It is lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white and similar in appearance to silicon. It is a metalloid in the carbon group that is chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Germanium (Ge) is one of the critical elements of modern technologies, with supply risk, inefficient production, and increased demand. It is used Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources,
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Review of germanium processing worldwide ScienceDirect
Germanium is a lustrous grayish-white metal which normally does not burn except when dispersed into the air as a fine powder whilst also igniting in atmospheres of Germanium (Ge) is one of the critical elements of modern technologies, with supply risk, inefficient production, and increased demand. It is used in high Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources, chemistry,
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Gallium and germanium extraction and potential recovery from
Most Ga is produced as a by-product of processing bauxite and from Zn-processing residues (Sverdrup et al., 2017; USGS, 2022a). The available resources of 5 Citations Metrics Abstract In this review, availability of germanium in primary and secondary resources and its recovery from these resources are presented. Strategies for Recycling of Primary and Secondary
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Germanium: Current and Novel Recovery Processes
Germanium (Ge) is considered a critical element due to its many industrial applications; Ge is a metalloid used in solar cells, fiber optics, metallurgy, chemotherapy, and polymerization catalysis.Germanium wafers (each) germanium content of zinc ores are not available. China 95,000 95,000 Russia 5,000 5,000 Other countries10 40,000 40,000 World total Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022 Germanium USGS
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Recent advances in the recovery of germanium during the zinc
Germanium plays an essential role in many high-tech fields because of its excellent electrical and optical properties. In 1969, the Port-Maghera (P-M) Electric Zinc Plant in Italy realized the method of simultaneous recovery of three valuable metals, gallium, germanium, and indium, Ore Geol. Rev. (2006)And because these plants are already being processed for use as biogas, extracting the germanium may prove economical. One of the scientists working on the project explains, “There is zinc ore present Phytomining: Harvesting Germanium May Provide a
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Germanium USGS Publications Warehouse
germanium content of zinc ores were not available. China NA NA Russia NA NA Other countries NA NA World total (rounded) NA NA . World Resources: 9. The available resources of germanium are associated with certain zinc and lead-zinc-copper . sulfide ores. Substantial U.S. reserves of recoverable germanium are contained in zinc Element Germanium (Ge), Group 14, Atomic Number 32, p-block, Mass 72.630. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), Germanium ores are very rare. It's inevitable that the substance with atomic number 32 is quite often described as a flowering plant with the common name cranesbill.Germanium Element information, properties and uses Periodic
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Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources,
Worldwide, it is estimated that Zn-ores contain 7–13 kt Ge, and coal and coal fly ash, 25–112 kt. and thus its production increase depends on the motivation of zinc refineries and coal power plants to engage in the germanium market [8]. As such, worldwide, only 3–5% of germanium from these sources is recovered [9].Purpose Germanium (Ge) is known as a Technology Critical Element (TCE) and has been widely used in electronic and industrial products. Waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) containing germanium goes to WEEE treatment plants. The transfer of Ge in the environment makes it necessary to get to know its mobility, Germanium speciation study in soil from an electronic waste
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Germanium in the soil-plant system—a review SpringerLink
Germanium (Ge) is widespread in the Earth’s crust. As a cognate element to silicon (Si), Ge shows very similar chemical characteristics. Recent use of Ge/Si to trace Si cycles and changes in weathering over time, growing demand for Ge as raw material, and consequently an increasing interest in Ge phytomining have contributed to a growing As a rare and dispersed element, germanium cannot form independent ore deposits but can be enriched in coal and sphalerite. The target of this research is the Cretaceous Ge-rich coal seam of the Yimin Coalfield in the Hailar Basin, which hosts the third largest coal-hosted germanium ore deposit in China. Based on X-ray diffraction Distribution Characteristics and Enrichment Model of Germanium
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Gallium and germanium extraction and potential recovery from
Both elements are primarily bound in the slag glass (90.5–95.4% of Ga and 95.9–96.7% of Ge). Extraction experiments conducted in 0.5 M H2 SO 4, 1 M HNO 3, and 1 M HCl were used to simulate the hydrometallurgical recovery in view of the potential recovery of Ga and Ge. The leaching of Ga and Ge (and other valuable metals: Zn, Pb) As seen, leaching the H2SO4-leached residue with 250 kg/mt HF for 2 h at 80°C and 10% pulp solids extracted 93 % of the remaining germanium, bringing total germanium extraction from approximately 70 to 98%. (The high cost of HF could make this alternative less viable.) Modify the two-stage zinc leaching procedure.How to Increase Germanium Extraction from Zinc
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Review of germanium processing worldwide ScienceDirect
According to a USGS publication (Germanium, 2002), China operates four germanium plants but research revealed five additional facilities. Germanium is associated to a minor degree with copper-cobalt ores. For example, the Clarksville plant in Tennessee has a capacity of 105 K tonnes per annum zincGermanium is widely distributed in nature but is too reactive to occur free. Primary minerals include argyrodite (from which it was first isolated), germanite, renierite, and canfieldite, all of them rare; only germanite and Germanium Properties, Uses, & Facts Britannica
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Germanium: environmental occurrence, importance and
This review discusses the various aspects of the bio-geochemistry of germanium, and of its technological, economical and environmental importance. Despite the relatively low annual production and consumption of this semi-metal (ca. 80 metric tons/a) there are important technological applications of this element in the The primary sources of worldwide germanium production are Zn-refinery residue and coal fly ash, with recycling of industrial scraps being the secondary source [12].Globally, the main producer of germanium is China, accounting for 80% of world production during 2012–2016 [7].Other producers are Russia, Finland, US, Japan, and Germanium: A review of its US demand, uses, resources, chemistry, and
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Zinc–germanium ores of the Tres Marias Mine, Chihuahua, Mexico
The Tres Marias carbonate-hosted Zn–Ge deposit in Chihuahua, Mexico contains sphalerite with the highest average Ge (960 ppm) and willemite with the highest reported Ge contents of Mississippi-Valley-type (MVT) deposits worldwide. This has prompted current exploration efforts to focus on the deposit as a high-grade source of Germanium exists at trace levels in the earth’s crust and exhibits similar biogeochemical behavior to silicon. Germanium/silicon (Ge/Si) ratios have been used to trace silicon sources in marine sediment cores, where the lack of biologic discrimination of Ge/Si during assimilation by diatoms (Froelich et al. 1992; Bareille et al. 1998) allows The ratio of germanium to silicon in plant phytoliths:
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Germanium Data Sheet Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020
GERMANIUM (Data in kilograms of germanium content unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2019, China 94,900 85,000 content of zinc ores are not available. Russia 6,000 6,000 Other countries10 30,000 40,000 Germanium products are well suited for many advanced materials applications—lens blanks for infrared optics, dioxide for electronic and catalyst use, “intrinsic” metal for radiation detectors, and electronic grade tetrachloride for optical fibers. Before undertaking these applications, however, the germanium must first be recovered. Extracting and Refining Germanium SpringerLink
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Germanium (Ge) Chemical properties, Health and Environmental
Germanium ores are rare. The least rare, germanite, is a copper-iron-germanium sulfide with 8% of the element, but even this is not mined. Germanium is widely distributed in ores of other metals, such as zinc, and that which is required for manufacturing purposes is recovered as a by-product from the flue-dusts of zinc smelters.Ores and Minerals. Zinc ores and coal are the two primary sources for the industrial production of germanium. The relative cost of using coal in power plants determines how much each source contributes over time. Coal from the Sakhalin Island in Eastern Russia, together with smaller amounts from coking coal facilities in Ukraine, is theModern Sources of Germanium Wafer World
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